Systems Approaches
and Their Application

Examples from Sweden

Edited by

Mats-Olov Olsson
Centre for Regional Science (Cerum)
Umeå University

and

Gunnar Sjöstedt
The Swedish Institute of International Affairs (UI)
Stockholm

Published in September 2004 by
Kluwer International Publishers
ISBN 1-4020-2369-3 (HB)


This book is the result of a project initiated and funded by the Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning (Formas), which is the Swedish national member organization of IIASA – the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria.

The two initial chapters of the book give an overview of the basics of systems thinking and a brief account of its historical development during the 20th century.

In thirteen chapters Swedish scientists reflect upon their research in which a systems approach has been applied to various complex problems.




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ABOUT THIS BOOK

Within a conceptual framework that is developed in the two first chapters, the actual application of systems thinking is described across a broad field of cases representing research, teaching, decision support and construction. All cases are presented by experts who have actually been involved in the activities they describe. Thus, the broad selection of cases captures the great variation of systems thinking and how it is integrated into models and theories and solid knowledge pertaining to different substantive areas. At the same time all case study authors address the same set of questions that are developed in the conceptual chapters. This gives comparability across cases – chapters – and brings cohesion to the book.The focus on Sweden, an advanced country in systems thinking, reinforces the unitary context in which comparison can be made between a systems approach for better research (theory), better practice and better design and construction.

Most recent literature on systems thinking has a general (often philosophical) perspective, concerns computer systems or focuses on one highly specific problem. A special feature of this book is that, while it concerns a single nation, it simultaneously contains a broad overview of systems analysis in a number of important issue areas, for research as well as practice, against a penetrating background description of what systems analysis is, how it functions, what problems it represents and what results it may produce.

The book is intended for a broad readership and can be appreciated by experts on systems thinking and analysis as well as by students, teachers, researchers, planners and policy makers who want to learn more about this topic. The book should be useful in university teaching in several disciplines.


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface
Lisa Sennerby Forsse and Uno Svedin

Editors' Preface
Mats-Olov Olsson and Gunnar Sjöstedt

Introduction
Uno Svedin


PART I:    THE SYSTEMS APPROACH: HISTORY AND SCHOOLS OF THINKING

CHAPTER 1:    Systems and Systems Theory
Mats-Olov Olsson and Gunnar Sjöstedt

CHAPTER 2:    Schools of Systems Thinking — Development Trends in Systems Methodology
Mats-Olov Olsson


PART II:    SYSTEMS ANALYSIS IN SWEDEN — EXAMPLES OF PROJECTS USING A SYSTEMS APPROACH

Part II-A:    A Systems Approach for Better Theory

CHAPTER 3:    Systems Analysis in Geography
Stefan Anderberg

CHAPTER 4:    Multi-Agent Systems, Time Geography, and Microsimulations
Magnus Boman and Einar Holm

CHAPTER 5:    Analyzing Biological Systems: the Brain as an Example
Hans Liljenström and Peter Århem

CHAPTER 6:    Defining the Concept of Sustainability — a Matter of Systems Thinking and Applied Systems Analysis
Harald Sverdrup and Mats G.E. Svensson




Part II-B:    Systems Analysis for Better Practice

CHAPTER 7:    Scenario-Based Methodologies for Strategy Development and Management of Change
E. Anders Eriksson

CHAPTER 8:    "Sweden in the Year 2021" — a Systems Study of Sweden's Future Environment
Anita Linell

CHAPTER 9:    Environmental Accounts — A Tool for Interdisciplinary Analysis
Sofia Ahlroth

CHAPTER 10:    Environmental Systems Analysis — Some Ongoing Research and Ideas About Future Developments
Anna Björklund

CHAPTER 11:    Some Properties of Environmental Systems Analysis Tools — Life Cycle Assessment as an Example
Göran Finnveden, Tomas Ekvall and Åsa Moberg

CHAPTER 12:    Systems Approaches in Development Work
Semida Silveira

CHAPTER 13:    The Systems Approach in Research on International Relations: The WTO Negotiations
Gunnar Sjöstedt

Part II-C:    Systems Thinking for Better Design and Construction

CHAPTER 14:    Humans and Complex Systems: Sustainable Information Societies
Rune Gustavsson and Martin Fredriksson

CHAPTER 15:    Large Technical Systems: a Multidisciplinary Research Tradition
Lars Ingelstam and Lena Ewertsson


PART III:    DEVELOPMENT TRENDS, FUTURE PROSPECTS AND NEEDS

CHAPTER 16:    Systemic Interventions in Sweden: Some Discernable Patterns
Mats-Olov Olsson and Gunnar Sjöstedt

Contributors


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